In Fighters Guild there isn't option of talking about "advancement"(I tested in Balmora & Ald'Ruhn).
#2
#3
Starting with a fresh level one character, go to Balmora and start the fighters guild quests. When you go to the boss of the fighters guild, Eydis Fire-Eye, she does not have the topic "Advancement" and therefore you cannot advance your rank in the fighters guild no matter how many missions you do.
I haven't tried to ask any of the other guild stewards (listed here w/ associated quests) for Advancement, however.
#4
Yep, it's exactly as Thermador explained.
Sorry, that was my very first post here - next time I ll provide all the necessary info.
As for this matter, I checked in Balmora and also Fighter's guild steward in Vivec, and he also does not have "advancement" dialogue option available. I completed like 3 or 4 quests from the Balmora's steward and got info that I am ready for advancement, so it definitely is a bug.
I have this while playing my warrior character, but also today started a fresh new one just to check, and went straight to Balmora - the dialogue option was not there in both cases.
Also I noticed that after joining thieves' guild in Balmora, I now have dialogue option "join thieves' guild" still available at almost every npc in the game that I talk to. The answer is always the same: "you are already with us, taffer". It doesn't prevent from playing, but is a little annoying as it suggests that almost every npc in the game is a member of thieves' guild (even guards ;-)

#1
I have the same problem - can't advance in Fighter's Guild, 'cause there is no dialogue option "advancement" available. Checked in Balmora and Vivec.